Kibbutz

(pl. Kibbutzim)

   The kibbutz (a word meaning "collective settlement" that comes from the Hebrew for group) was a socialist experiment, a voluntary grouping of individuals who hold property in common and have their needs satisfied by the commune. Every kibbutz member participates in the work. All the needs of the members, including education, recreation, medical care, and vacations, are provided by the kibbutz. The earliest kibbutzim were founded by pioneer immigrants (see ALIYA) from eastern Europe who sought to meld socialism and Zionism and thus build a new kind of society. They have been maintained by a second and third generation as well as by new members. Initially, the kibbutzim focused on the ideal of working the land and became known for their crops, poultry, orchards, and dairy farming. As modern techniques, especially automation, were introduced and as land and water became less available, many of the kibbutzim shifted their activities or branched out into new areas, such as industry and tourism, to supplement the agricultural pursuits. Kibbutz factories now manufacture electronic products, furniture, plastics, household appliances, farm machinery, and irrigation-system components.

   See also Economy; Hakibbutz Haartzi; Hakibbutz Hameuhad (United Kibbutz); Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim; United Kibbutz Movement (Hatnua Hakibbutzit Hameuhedet).